2. Endemic: This is termed the baseline level of a disease in a community, at

any given time. It refers to the constant presence of the disease in that

population.

3. Hyperendemic: It is like endemic, but the only difference is the constant

presence of a higher level of the disease. Hence, a higher baseline of

disease occurrence.

4. Clusters: Aggregated or grouped cases, which are generally higher than

cases expected from the specific population at a given time.

5. Outbreak: Mostly a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease;

more than what could normally be expected from the population of a

particular area. Could be further divided into point-source and common-

source outbreaks. Example: A single case of an infectious disease could be

termed an outbreak.

6. Epidemic: Same as an outbreak, but not limited to a geographical area.

This could result from several factors such as recent increase in viral load,

change in mode of transmission, factors leading to increased host sus-

ceptibility, or host exposure. Examples: Smallpox (1633-34); HIV/AIDS

(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)(1980- present)

7. Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread over several countries or con-

tinents; usually affecting many people. Examples: Spanish flu (1918),

Swine flu (2009), SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

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